| • | Used for a sudatory after childbirth [Algonquin: 69]. |
| • | Twigs : | Boiled to make a broth for cough [Algonquin 63]. or to produce steam that relieves cold [Dene 99]. Tips or buds peeled and eaten to prevent breathing shortness, heart problems, and high blood pressure [Cree 13]. Decoction used to treat sore eyes [Dene 101; Dene, Metis 13]. Tips used to make a tea for "healing the inside" [Algonquin 69]. Tea used against fever [Montagnais 71]. Yound twigs chewed to relieve itchy throat [Dene 99]. Used to treat diabetes [Cree 82]. Boiled and steamed to cure congestion or cold and to ease headache. Towels soaked in tea and wrapped around a woman's waist to speed up delivery, to ease afterbirth pain, and to loosen retained placenta [Dene 101]. |
| • | Gum : | Applied as a salve for skin infections, cuts, boils, rashes, burns, sores, and chapped or craked skin [Dene 13, 100; Cree 13, 79, 80; Algonquin 69]. Mixed with grease to make an ointment to treat skin rashes, scabies, persistent scabs and bad burns [Cree 95]. Chewed to prevent breathing shortness, also good for the heart [Cree 13]. Soaked in hot water and used to treat infected cuts and wounds [Cree 13]. Chewed and applied to a sore ear or to treat stomach ache [Cree 13]. Boiled until it turns pink and then cooled to make an ointment to draw the infection out of cysts [Cree 13]. or to treat infected wounds, rashes, scabs on the head or chiken pox [Cree 13]. Used as a laxative [Algonquin 69]. Used for cuts and back pain [Montagnais 71]. Used to treat diabetes [Cree 82]. Used to treat gum disease, tea drunk for stomach ailments [Dene 100]. Smeared on painful areas of the body, boiled and gargled to cure toothache, used as an ointment for sores and placed on a wound to stop bleeding. Boiled and tea drunk for cough and cold [Dene 101]. Used to treat sore throat [Dene 100]. |
| • | Sap : | Blood medicine, used to soothe irritated skin, applied to cuts and mouth infections [Dene 13; 99]. Applied in chest to prevent colds and tuberculosis, tea taken to soothe sore throats [Dene 99]. Applied in cuts and sore breasts [Cree 81]. |
| • | Bark and branches : | Mixed with red willow bark to treat cold [Dene 13]. |
| • | Wood : | Powdered and used as baby powder [Dene 13]. Inside strips put on burns, or boiled without bark and taken for sore throats [Cree 79]. |
| • | Charcoal : | Used as a baby powder [Dene 13]. |
| • | Cones : | Young cones boiled to make a mouth wash for mouth infection, toothache or sore throat or to clear phlegm from the throat [Dene, Metis 13; Chipewyan 92]. Chewed to relieve toothache or sore mouth. Mixed with other plants in a decoction to treat venereal disease [Cree 95]. Made into a jelly used to treat headache and stomachache [Algonquin 75]. Decoction used to gargle a sore throat or mouth infection [Cree 95; Dene 101]. Used to treat diabetes [Cree 77; 83]. , diarrhoea [Ojibway 89; Cree 95]. and stomach ache [Montagnais 71]. Applied to stop bleeding. Boiled and tea used to wash broken legs, to easeskin rash [Dene 101]. |
| • | Leaves and bark : | Decoction used for headache [Ojibwa 66]. |
| • | Leaves : | Used as a reviver [Ojibwa 87]. or to treat diabetes [Cree 82]. Crushed and used to treat pain. Crushed, placed on cloth and put in throat to treat pain and burns [Cree 80]. |
| • | Bark and roots : | Tea used for stomach pain, fainting and fits [Ojibwa 86]. |
| • | Inner bark : | Chewed for laryngitis [Mi'kmaq 62]. Chewed to relieve colds or maintain good health, placed on a wound [Dene 99]. Used to treat diabetes [Cree 82]. |
| • | Bark and gum : | Used against cough [Montagnais 71]. |
| • | Cones and branches : | Tea used for cough and colds, sore throat and chest pain [Dene 99]. |
| • | Roots : | Pounded and boiled to make a liquid medicine [Dene 99]. |
| • | Young tips, cones and branches : | Boiled and taken to treat itchy throat [Dene 99]. Steam used to treat congested head and chest [Dene 100]. |
| • | Bark : | Used as a splint and to heal broken limbs [Dene 100]. Boiled and taken in cough Heated and pressed on blisters [Cree 80]. |