| • | Used in sore throat [Mi'kmaq: 43]. |
| • | Fruits and leaves : | Crushed and prepared as a gargle for sore throats [55]. |
| • | Roots : | Used to stop haemorrhaging [Ojibwa 86]. , or mixed with other plants for rheumatism [Algonquin 69]. |
| • | Flowers : | Decoction taken to treat stomach pain [Ojibwa 47]. |
| • | Roots and fruits : | Steeped and taken as a blood purifier, or mixed with blackberry root, mountain holly, orange-red lily root and mountain raspberry root and used for consumption or for cough and fever [Malecite 65]. |