| • | Tea used for cold, boiled and applied externally for eczema and other skin infections. Used in the sudatory for women experiencing complications in childbirth [Algonquin: 69]. |
| • | Bark : | Tea used in cold, cough and grippe [Mi'kmaq 43, 60]. Used to heal cuts and wounds [Ojibwa 87, 91]. Tea used to relieve cold [Mi'kmaq 62]. Mixed with buds or young cones of Abies balsamea, and bark of Quercus rubra and used for diarrhoea [Malecite 65]. |
| • | Leaves : | Used for rheumatism, itching or scabies [Abenaki 67]. |
| • | Roots : | Steeped with Conioselium chinense, Chimaphila umbellate, and Rumex crispus and given in bladder problems [Mi'kmaq 62]. |
| • | Twigs : | Steeped to make a drink as a remedy for dysentery [Ojibwa 85]. Tea, thick syrup or paste used as a poultice for arthritis. Crushed to make a poultice for the infected navel of an infant [Algonquin 69]. |
| • | Inner bark : | Powdered and applied to wounds to stop bleeding [Ojibwa 47]. Tea used for pain and cold [Mi'kmaq 91]. |
| • | Wood : | Dried and used in prickly heat or chafed skin [Malecite 65]. |