| • | Used to stop vomiting [Cree: 95]. Boiled with crowberry and drunk to cure cold [Dene: 101]. Used on boils [Cree: 80]. |
| • | Branches : | Decoction used as a diuretic [Algonquians 63]. Tea used for stomach pain, cold, fatigue, or for general health [Dene 99]. Tea from fresh branches used to treat stomach problems [Dene 101]. |
| • | Bark : | Used in suppurating wounds [Mi'kmaq 60]. Steeped with alder bark (Alnus incana) to make an infusion for anemia [Chippewa 85]. Steeped with spruce and fir bark and given in gonorrhoea [Melacite 65]. Used to make a cough medicine [Abenaki 67]. Used in chronic bronchitis, in chronic inflammation of the urinary passages and in phases of hemorrage [Ojibwa 87]. Applied as a compress for eye problems, wounds and swelling [Montagnais 71]. Boiled, cooled and taken as a cough syrup, for sore throat or mouth. Broth taken for stomach ache [Cree 81]. |
| • | Inner bark : | Used as a poultice or boiled to make a wash for burns, boils [Dene 13; Chipewyan 92]. , frostbite [Cree 13]. , hemorrhoids, infected wounds [Cree, Metis 13]. , or cuts [Cree 13]. Grinded finely, mixed with animal fat and used for skin sores and burns [Cree 81]. Tea drunk to treat depression, used as an eye wash or for ear irritation [Cree 13]. Green strips applied to burns and used to make a tea to treat sore threat [Algonquin 75]. Chopped (fresh or dried) and applied to burns [Ojibwa 47]. Used in diabetes [Cree 77, 83]. Boiled and given for sores and swelling [Algonquians 63]. Chewed raw or boiled and taken to treat sore throat [Cree 81]. Boiled and tea used to wash a wound. Tea drunk for pain relief, stomach problems, mouth infections, sore throat, fever, cold, flu and bleeding. Boiled with spruce cones and applied to wounds [Dene 101]. Used to treat diabetes [Cree 82]. Herbal water taken for heart problems [Cree 93]. |
| • | Needles and inner bark : | Used for cough and to prepare poultices for treating infections [Atikamekw 69; Innu 72]. |
| • | Inner bark and wood : | Poultice applied to frostbite and deep cuts [Cree 95]. |
| • | Gum : | Chewed to relieve indigestion [Cree 13]. Used in deep cuts, wounds and burns [Cree 81]. Applied fresh or boiled on cuts [Cree 80]. Amber applied to wounds, or boiled and rubbed to cure sore mouth [Cree 81]. |
| • | Sap : | Placed in eyes to treat snow blindness [Cree 80]. |
| • | Leaves : | Used as inhalant and fumigator [Ojibwa 87]. Tea used as a laxative [Atikamekw 73]. |
| • | Cones : | Used to prepare a decoction for jaundice [Montagnais 71]. Tea used to soothe cold and relieve headache [Dene 99]. |
| • | Twigs and gum : | Used for cough [Montagnais 71]. |
| • | Leaves and bark : | Crushed and used in headache [Ojibwa 84]. |
| • | Roots and bark : | Tea used as a general medicine [Ojibwa 86]. Mixed with another plant in a decoction drunk daily to treat arthritis, pain, or cold [Cree 13]. |
| • | Pulp : | Boiled and used to treat impetigo, or used to wash leg sores [Cree 81]. Wrapped in cloths and placed on burns. Boiled, strained and taken in cough and cold [Cree 80]. |
| • | Wood : | Chewed to treat sore throat [Cree 81]. |
| • | Bark, boughs and roots : | Tea used to treat cold [Dene 100]. |
| • | Roots : | Boiled and liquid used to heal wounds [Dene 98]. |