| • | Bark : | Steeped and drunk in diarrhoea [Algonquians 63, Mi'kmaq 60, Cree 42]. Boiled to make an emetic drink to relieve stomach ache [Cree 13]. Decoction used as a hair ointment, or mixed with roots of Veronicastrum virginicum and taken before breakfast to treat scrofula [Ojibwa 47]. Tea used as a purgative and emetic [Cree 96]. Herbal water taken for cold [Cree 93]. |
| • | Inner bark : | Steeped with roots of Corylus sp. and white oak, and the heart of Ostrya virginiana wood and taken to treat lung hemmorhages. Decoction used for sore throat, stomach cramps [Ojibwa 47]. , or diarrhoea [66]. Tea used for lung trouble [Ojibwa 87]. |
| • | Leaves, stem, bark, and roots : | Tea used for colds, fevers, pneumonia [Cree, Metis 13; Innu 72]. , to clear phlegm from the throat, or for high blood pressure or heart problems [Cree 13]. |
| • | Branchlets : | Used to make a drink taken during gestation [Ojibwa 84]. |
| • | Roots : | Part of a compound medicine for diarrhoea in children [Cree 13]. Mixed with Acorus calamus and given for cough or blood poisoning [Algonquin 69]. Herbal water taken against flu [Cree 93]. |
| • | Fruits : | Used as an astringent [Ojibwa 47]. or to treat diarrhoea [66]. |