| • | Used as a compress for pain or rubbed on chest, back and throat for cough and sore throat [Cree: 81]. Tea taken to relieve cold symptoms, headaches, sore chest, or for "blood in the body". Tea also drunk by women giving birth to make labor easier [Chipewyan: 92]. |
| • | Roots : | Boiled and used to treat tuberculosis or bathe in to relieve soreness [Dene 17]. Decoction taken as a cough medicine [Dene 98]. Herbal tea taken for back paralysis, diabetes and cancer [Cree 93]. |
| • | Stem : | Decoction taken as a cough medicine [Dene 98]. Boiled and steam inhaled to relieve headache or sore chest [Chipewyan 92]. |
| • | Twigs : | Herbal tea taken for general ache and heart problems [Cree 93]. |
| • | Fruits : | Decoction taken as a cough medicine [Dene 98]. |
| • | Stem and roots : | Boiled and taken to treat tuberculosis [Dene 98]. |